Process of Refining Lead and Lead Alloys

Stationary Lead-Acid Batteries With Selenium Alloys

Until ten years ago the grids of lead-acid batteries were usually made of lead-antimony alloys containing 5-11 wt. % antimony. The necessary mechanical strength and castability are easily achieved with this content of antimony. However, the unavoidable corrosion of the positive grid liberates antimony from the grid, which proves to be both unfavorable as well as unfavorable with respect to batt...

Lead and Lead Compounds

Lead-Free Wrought Copper Alloys for Bushings and Sliding Elements

Reengineering Lead to Cash - Process and Organization

In the last few years, BT Italy has recorded an important business growth, which has led to a high complexity and a request to improve governance of fulfilment process. This paper presents the BT Italy case study of reengineering the Lead to Cash business processes to reduce time to market and improve customer’s satisfaction. The operational levers applied to realize project objectives are busi...

Board Level Reliability Comparison of Lead Free Alloys

Board level reliability testing was used to compare six lead free alloys to tin-lead eutectic using a 98 ball Wafer Level Chip Scale Package (WLCSP). The component had a 0.5mm Ball Grid Array (BGA) pitch, and Al/NiV/Cu pad metallization. Thermal cycling (4 conditions), cyclic bend (2 conditions), cyclic drop (3 conditions), and solder joint array tensile testing (3 conditions) were utilized to ...